Zviri mukati zvinotevera zvakashandurwa kubva kuChinese kuburikidza nekushandura kwemuchina pasina kugadziriswa mushure mekugadziriswa.
Sangano reAmerican Language Companies (ALC) isangano reindasitiri riri muUnited States. Nhengo dzesangano iri makambani makuru anopa mabasa ekushandura, kududzira, kutsanangura mitauro, uye kutengeserana nemitauro. ALC inoita misangano yegore negore gore rega rega kuti itaure nezvekodzero dzeindasitiri, iite hurukuro dzehurukuro pamusoro penyaya dzakadai sekusimudzira indasitiri, manejimendi yebhizinesi, musika, uye tekinoroji, uye zvakare kuronga vamiriri vemakambani ekushandura ekuAmerica kuti vakumbire Congress. Pamusoro pekukoka vatauriri veindasitiri, musangano wegore negore ucharongawo vapi vemazano vekutungamira makambani vanozivikanwa kana nyanzvi dzekudzidzisa hutungamiriri nevamwe vasiri vatauriri veindasitiri, uye kuburitsa mushumo wegore negore weALC indasitiri.
Muchinyorwa chino, tinopa zviri mu2023ALC Industry Report (yakaburitswa munaGunyana 2023, ine zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvemakambani akaongororwa ari nhengo dzeALC uye anopfuura 70% ane dzimbahwe muUnited States), pamwe chete neruzivo rweTalkingChina Translate muindasitiri iyi, kuti tienzanise zviri nyore mamiriro ebhizinesi reindasitiri yekushandura muChina neUnited States. Tinotarisirawo kushandisa matombo edzimwe nyika kugadzira jade yedu.
一, Mushumo weALC unopa nhamba dzedata dzinokosha dzeindasitiri kubva muzvikamu gumi nemana kuti titarise uye tienzanise chimwe nechimwe:
1. Muenzaniso webhizinesi
Kufanana pakati peChina neUnited States:
1) Zviri mumabasa: 60% yebasa guru revashandi vekuAmerica rinonyanya kutarisisa kushandura, 30% pakushandura, uye 10% yasara yakapararira pakati pezvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvebasa rekushandura; Makambani anopfuura hafu anopa mabasa ekutsvaga midhiya, anosanganisira kunyora zvinyorwa, kunyora zvinyorwa, ma subtitles, uye kunyora zvinyorwa.
2) Mutengi: Kunyangwe vanopfuura zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvevashandi vekuAmerica vachishandira makambani emutemo, 15% chete yemakambani anoashandisa senzira yavo huru yekuwana mari. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti mari inoshandiswa pabasa remitauro yemakambani emutemo yakapararira zvakanyanya, izvo zvinowanzoenderana nezvinodiwa zvekushandura pamutemo kwenguva pfupi uye kuderera kweavhareji yekutenga shanduro muindasitiri. Pamusoro pezvo, vanopfuura hafu yevashandi vedu vekuAmerica vanopa mabasa emitauro kumasangano ekugadzira, ekushambadzira, uye edhijitari. Masangano aya anoshanda sevarevereri pakati pemakambani ebasa remitauro nevatengi vekupedzisira vanobva kumaindasitiri akasiyana-siyana. Mumakore achangopfuura, basa nemiganhu yebasa remitauro hazvina kunyatsojeka: mamwe masangano ekugadzira anopa mabasa emitauro, nepo mamwe achikura mumunda wekugadzira zviri mukati. Panguva iyi, 95% yevashandi vekuAmerica vanopa mabasa emitauro kune mamwe makambani evashandi, uye kutenga mukati meindasitiri iyi kunokonzerwa nehukama hwekushandira pamwe.
Hunhu huri pamusoro apa hwakafanana nemamiriro ezvinhu muChina. Semuenzaniso, mumabasa ebhizinesi achangoburwa, TalkingChina Translation yakasangana nenyaya apo mutengi mukuru akanga ashanda kwemakore mazhinji, nekuda kwekufunga nezvekuenderana kwekugadzirwa kwezviri mukati uye mutengo, akatumira uye akaisa pakati pemabhizinesi ese ane chekuita nekutora mafirimu, dhizaini, mifananidzo, shanduro, nezvimwe zvine chekuita nezviri mukati. Vatori vechikamu mukutenga vaive makambani ekushambadzira, uye akahwina mubhidha akava mubati mukuru wekugadzira zviri mukati. Basa rekushandura rakaitwawo nemubati mukuru uyu, Kana kupedzisa kana kuita kontrakita diki ari ega. Nenzira iyi, semupi webasa rekutanga rekushandura, TalkingChina inogona kungoedza kuramba ichishanda pamwe chete nemubati mukuru uyu zvakanyanya sezvinobvira, uye zvakaoma kwazvo kuyambuka muganhu zvachose uye kuva mubati mukuru wekugadzira zviri mukati.
Panyaya yekushandira pamwe chete nevamwe, huwandu chaihwo muChina hahuzivikanwe, asi zvine chokwadi kuti hwave tsika yakajairika mumakore achangopfuura, ine chinangwa chekusangana nezvinodiwa nevatengi, kusimbisa kugona muminda yakatarwa nemimwe mitauro, kugadzira nzira dzekutengesa dzinochinjika, kana kuwedzera kana kugaya kugona kwekugadzira, pamwe nemabhenefiti anoenderana. Sangano rekuzvifadza riri kuitawo zvirongwa zvinobatsira uye kuedza mune izvi.
Kusiyana pakati peChina neUnited States:
1) Kuwedzera kwemakambani pasi rose: Vazhinji vedu vekuUS vanowana mari yavo huru kubva kuvatengi vemuno, asi kambani imwe chete pamakambani matatu ega ega ine mahofisi munyika mbiri kana kupfuura, kunyangwe pasina hukama hwakanaka huripo pakati pemari inowanikwa nenhamba yemapazi epasi rose. Zvinoita sekuti huwandu hwekuwedzera kwemakambani pasi rose pakati pemakambani ekuAmerica hwakakwira zvikuru kupfuura hwedu, izvo zvine chekuita nezvakanaka zvavo munzvimbo, mutauro, uye kufanana kwetsika. Vanopinda mumisika mitsva kuburikidza nekuwedzera kwemakambani pasi rose, vanowana zviwanikwa zvetekinoroji, kana kutanga nzvimbo dzekugadzira dzinodhura zvishoma.
Zvichienzaniswa neizvi, mwero wekukura kwevashandi vekushandura vechiChinese pasi rose wakaderera zvikuru, nemakambani mashoma chete ari kubudirira pasi rose. Kubva pane mashoma akabudirira, zvinogona kuonekwa kuti ndivo vatungamiriri vemabhizinesi pachavo vanofanira kutanga vabuda. Zvakanakisisa kutarisa pamisika yekune dzimwe nyika, kuva nemapoka ekushanda munharaunda, uye kubatanidza zvizere tsika dzemakambani, kunyanya kutengesa nekushambadzira, mumusika wemuno kuti vaite basa rakanaka rekuisa zvinhu munzvimbo. Ehe, makambani haasi kuenda kunze kwenyika nekuda kwekuenda pasi rose, asi anofanira kutanga afunga kuti sei vachida kuenda pasi rose uye chinangwa chavo chii? Sei tichigona kuenda kugungwa? Ndeupi hunyanzvi hwekupedzisira? Ipapo kunouya mubvunzo wekuti tingaenda sei kugungwa.
Saizvozvowo, makambani ekushandura emuno anochengetedzawo pfungwa dzavo mukutora chikamu mumisangano yepasi rose. TalkingChina inotora chikamu mumisangano yepasi rose yakaita seGALA/ALC/LocWorld/ELIA yatove yakajairika, uye haawanzooni kuvapo kwevezera remuno. Maitiro ekusimudzira izwi rose uye pesvedzero yeindasitiri yebasa remitauro yeChina munharaunda yepasi rose, uye kubatana kuti pave neushamwari, yagara iri dambudziko. Kusiyana neizvi, tinowanzoona makambani ekushandura eArgentina achibva kure pamisangano yepasi rose. Havangopindi mumusangano chete asi vanoonekwawo semufananidzo wemupi wemitauro yeSouth America Spanish. Vanotamba mimwe mitambo yehukama neveruzhinji pamusangano, vanomutsa mamiriro ekunze, uye vanogadzira chiratidzo cheboka, icho chakakodzera kudzidza kubva.
2) Mutengi: Mapoka matatu evatengi anotungamira panyaya yemari muUnited States ndeehutano, hurumende/hurumende, nemasangano edzidzo, nepo muChina, ari tekinoroji yeruzivo nekutaurirana, e-commerce inoyambuka miganhu, uye dzidzo nekudzidziswa (zvichienderana ne2023 Development Report yeChinese Translation and Language Services Industry yakaburitswa neChina Translators Association).
Vanopa hutano (kusanganisira zvipatara, makambani einishuwarenzi, uye makiriniki) ndivo vanowana mari yakawanda kune vanopfuura 50% yevamwe vavo vekuAmerica, izvo zvine hunhu hwakajeka hwekuAmerica. Pasi rose, United States ndiyo ine mari yakawanda inoshandiswa pakurapa. Nekuda kwekushandiswa kwehurongwa hwakasiyana hwemari yemunhu oga neyehurumende muUnited States, mari inoshandiswa pabasa remitauro muhutano inobva kuzvipatara zvepachivande, makambani einishuwarenzi yehutano, uye makiriniki, pamwe nezvirongwa zvehurumende. Makambani ebasa remitauro anoita basa guru mukubatsira vanopa hutano kugadzira nekuita zvirongwa zvekushandisa mitauro. Zvinoenderana nemitemo yepamutemo, zvirongwa zvekushandisa mitauro zvinosungirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuti varwere vane hunyanzvi hushoma hweChirungu (LEP) vane mukana wakaenzana wekuwana mabasa ekurapa emhando yepamusoro.
Zvakanakira zvinodiwa nemusika wepasi rose zvataurwa pamusoro apa hazvigone kuenzaniswa kana kuenzaniswa munyika. Asi musika weChina unewo hunhu hwawo. Mumakore achangopfuura, hurumende yakatungamira Belt and Road Initiative uye kuwanda kwemabhizinesi emuno ekuChina achienda kunze kwenyika kwakaita kuti pave nekudiwa kukuru kweshanduro kubva kuChinese kana Chirungu kuenda kumitauro midiki. Ehe, kana uchida kutora chikamu mazviri uye kuva mutambi akakodzera, zvinoisawo zvinodiwa zvakanyanya pamabhizinesi edu ebasa rekushandura kuti awane zviwanikwa uye kugona kwekutarisira mapurojekiti.
3) Zviri mubasa: Inenge hafu yemakambani edu ekuAmerica anopa mabasa emutauro wemasaini; 20% yemakambani anopa bvunzo dzemutauro (zvinosanganisira kuongororwa kwehunyanzvi hwemutauro); 15% yemakambani anopa kudzidziswa kwemutauro (kunyanya online).
Hapana data rinoenderana nezviri pamusoro apa rakawanikwa munyika medu, asi kubva pakuona kwemanzwiro, huwandu hwemari muUnited States hunofanira kunge hwakakwira kupfuura hwemuChina. Munhu anokunda mubhadharo wemapurojekiti ekubhidha emutauro wemasaini wemuno anowanzo kuve chikoro chakakosha kana kambani yetekinoroji yenetiweki, uye kashoma kambani yekushandura. Kunewo makambani mashoma ekushandura anokoshesa kuyedzwa kwemitauro nekudzidziswa senzvimbo huru dzebhizinesi ravo.
2. Maitiro ekambani
Vazhinji vemakambani ekuAmerica vanokoshesa "kuwedzera mari inowanikwa" senzira yavo yekutanga mugore ra2023, nepo chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chemakambani achisarudza kuderedza mari yekushandisa.
Panyaya yehurongwa hwebasa, makambani anopfuura hafu akawedzera mabasa awo mumakore matatu apfuura, asi kune makambani mashoma ari kuronga kuwedzera mabasa avo mumakore matatu anotevera. Mabasa akawedzera zvakanyanya ndee-learning, on-site subtitle services, machine translation post editing (PEMT), remote simultaneous interpretation (RSI), dubbing, uye video remote interpretation (VRI). Kuwedzera kwebasa kunonyanya kukonzerwa nekudiwa kwevatengi. Panyaya iyi, zvakafanana nemamiriro ezvinhu muChina. Makambani mazhinji ebasa emutauro wechiChinese apindura kuwedzera kwekuda kwemusika mumakore achangopfuura, uye kukura nekudzikiswa kwemitengo zvakare inyaya dzisingaperi.
Zvichakadaro, mumakore maviri apfuura, vazhinji vevashandi vepamba vanga vachikurukura nezvekuvandudzwa kwebasa, kungave kuri kuwedzera huwandu hwebasa kana kuwedzera kusvika kumusoro. Semuenzaniso, makambani ekushandura ane hunyanzvi mukushandura patent ari kuwedzera kutarisa kwavo kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzebasa repatent; Kuita shanduro yemotokari uye kuunganidza ruzivo nezveindasitiri yemotokari; Kushandura magwaro ekushambadzira kubatsira vatengi kuburitsa nekuchengetedza midhiya yekushambadzira kunze kwenyika; Ini ndinopawo maseti ekudhinda uye masevhisi ekudhinda anotevera ekushandura magwaro anofanira kudhindwa; Avo vanoshanda sevaturikiri vemisangano vane basa rekuita nyaya dzemisangano kana kuvaka panzvimbo; Paunenge uchiita shanduro yewebhusaiti, ita SEO neSEM execution, nezvimwewo. Ehe, shanduko yega yega inoda kuongorora uye haisi nyore, uye pachava nematambudziko mukuedza. Nekudaro, chero bedzi iri shanduko yehurongwa inoitwa mushure mekuita sarudzo ine musoro, zvakakosha kwazvo kuita kutsungirira mukuita kwakaoma. Mumakore matatu kusvika mashanu apfuura, TalkingChina Translation yakaisa zvishoma nezvishoma minda yakatwasuka uye zvigadzirwa zvekuwedzera mutauro (senge mishonga, patents, mitambo yepamhepo nezvimwe zvinovaraidza, Chirungu nekunze kwenyika, nezvimwewo). Panguva imwe chete, yakawedzerawo hunyanzvi hwayo mukugadzira zvigadzirwa zvekushandura pamusika. Kunyange zvazvo ichiita zvakanaka mukugadzira zvigadzirwa zvebasa rekushandura, yakanyorawo zvinyorwa zvepamusoro-soro (zvakadai sekutengesa, mazita ekutungamira, kopi yechigadzirwa, ruzivo rwechigadzirwa, kopi yemuromo, nezvimwewo), zvichiita kuti iwane mhedzisiro yakanaka.
Panyaya yemakwikwi, makambani mazhinji ekuAmerica anoona makambani makuru, epasi rose, uye ane mitauro yakawanda semakambani makuru avanokwikwidza nawo, akadai seLanguageLine, Lionbridge, RWS, TransPerfect, nezvimwewo; MuChina, nekuda kwekusiyana kwevatengi pakati pemakambani epasi rose ekushandura nemakambani ekushandura emuno, makwikwi akananga mashoma. Makwikwi akawanda evamwe anobva mumakwikwi emitengo pakati pemakambani ekushandura, nemakambani ane mitengo yakaderera uye makuru ari iwo makwikwi makuru, kunyanya mumapurojekiti ekubhidha.
Kwagara kune musiyano mukuru pakati peChina neUnited States panyaya yekubatanidzwa nekutenga. Mabasa ekubatana nekutenga evamwe vekuAmerica achiri kugadzikana, vatengi vachitsvaga mikana nguva dzose uye vatengesi vanogona kutsvaga kana kumirira mikana yekutengesa kana kuchengetedza kutaurirana nevanobatana nevanotenga. MuChina, nekuda kwematambudziko emari, kukosha kwemitengo kwakaoma kuverenga zvine musoro; Panguva imwe chete, nekuda kwekuti mukuru ndiye mutengesi mukuru, panogona kunge paine njodzi dzekutumira zviwanikwa zvevatengi vasati vabatana uye vatora kana kambani ikachinja maoko. Kubatanidzwa nekutenga hazvisi zvakajairika.
3. Zviri mukati mebasa
Kushandura kwemuchina (MT) kwave kuchishandiswa zvakanyanya nevezera ravo muUnited States. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kweMT mukati mekambani kunowanzo sarudza uye kune mazano, uye zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinogona kukanganisa njodzi dzinogona kuitika uye mabhenefiti. Vanenge zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu vevezera ravo vekuAmerica vanopa machine translation post editing (PEMT) sebasa kune vatengi vavo, asi TEP inoramba iri iyo inonyanya kushandiswa sevhisi yekushandura. Pakusarudza pakati penzira nhatu dzekugadzira dzemanual pure, pure machine, uye machine translation and editing, kudiwa kwevatengi ndicho chinhu chakakosha chinokanganisa kuita sarudzo, uye kukosha kwayo kunopfuura zvimwe zvinhu zviviri zvikuru (rudzi rwezviri mukati uye kuwiriranisa mutauro).
Panyaya yekududzira, musika wekuUS wachinja zvakanyanya. Zvinenge zvikamu zvitatu muzvina zvevanopa mabasa ekududzira vekuAmerica vanopa vhidhiyo yekududzira kure (VRI) uye kuturikira nefoni (OPI), uye zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvemakambani anopa kuturikira panguva imwe chete kure (RSI). Nzvimbo nhatu huru dzevanopa mabasa ekududzira idudziro yehutano, kuturikira kwebhizinesi, uye kududzira pamutemo. RSI inoita seichiri musika uri kukura zvakanyanya muUnited States. Kunyangwe mapuratifomu eRSI ari makambani etekinoroji, mapuratifomu mazhinji ikozvino anopa nyore kuwana mabasa ekududzira kuburikidza nekusanganisa vanhu uye/kana kushandira pamwe nemakambani ebasa remitauro. Kubatanidzwa zvakananga kwemapuratifomu eRSI nezvishandiso zvemisangano zvepamhepo zvakaita seZoom nedzimwe mapuratifomu evatengi kunoisawo makambani aya munzvimbo yakanaka mukutarisira zvinodiwa zvekududzira zvemakambani. Ehe, puratifomu yeRSI inoonekwawo nevakawanda vekuAmerica semakwikwi akananga. Kunyangwe RSI ine mabhenefiti akawanda maererano nekuchinjika uye mutengo, inounzawo matambudziko ekushandisa, kusanganisira kunonoka, mhando yeaudio, matambudziko ekuchengetedza data, nezvimwewo.
Zviri pamusoro apa zvakafanana uye zvakasiyana muChina, zvakaita seRSI. TalkingChina Translation yakagadzira kushandira pamwe nekambani yepuratifomu denda risati rasvika. Munguva yedenda, puratifomu iyi yaive nebhizinesi rakawanda pachayo, asi mushure medenda, misangano yakawanda yakatangazve ichishandisa mafomu asina kunyorwa. Nokudaro, kubva pamaonero eTalkingChina Translation semupi wekuturikira, inonzwa kuti kudiwa kwekuturikira panzvimbo kwawedzera zvakanyanya, uye RSI yadzikira kusvika pamwero wakati, Asi RSI zvechokwadi inyaya yekuwedzera inodiwa uye kugona kunodiwa kune vanopa mabasa ekuturikira mudzimba. Panguva imwe chete, kushandiswa kweOPI mukuturikira nefoni kwatove kwakaderera mumusika weChina pane muUnited States, sezvo mamiriro makuru ekushandiswa muUnited States ari ekurapa uye epamutemo, izvo zvisiripo muChina.
Panyaya yekushandura muchina, kushandura muchina mushure mekugadzirisa (PEMT) chigadzirwa chembabvu yehuku chiri mumabasa emakambani ekushandura emuno. Vatengi havawanzo sarudza, uye chavanoda zvakanyanya kuwana mhando imwechete uye nekukurumidza kwekushandura kwevanhu pamutengo wakafanana nekushandura muchina. Nokudaro, kushandiswa kwekushandura muchina hakuoneki zvakanyanya mukugadzirwa kwemakambani ekushandura, zvisinei nekuti inoshandiswa here kana kuti kwete, Tinofanira kupa vatengi mhando yakakodzera uye mitengo yakaderera (inokurumidza, yakanaka, uye yakachipa). Ehezve, kunewo vatengi vanopa zvakananga mhinduro dzekushandura muchina uye vanokumbira makambani ekushandura kuti aongorore zvichienderana neizvi. Maonero eTalkingChina Translation ndeekuti mhando yekushandura muchina inopihwa nemutengi iri kure nezvinodiwa nemutengi, uye kuverenga nemaoko kunoda kupindira kwakadzama, kazhinji kupfuura PEMT. Zvisinei, mutengo unopiwa nemutengi wakaderera zvikuru pane wekushandura nemaoko.
4. Kukura uye purofiti
Pasinei nekusagadzikana kwehupfumi hwenyika uye zvematongerwo enyika pasi rose, kukura kwemakambani eUS muna 2022 kwakaramba kwakasimba, ne60% yemakambani ari kuwana mari yakawanda uye 25% ari kuwana mwero wekukura unodarika 25%. Kusimba uku kwakabatana nezvinhu zvakakosha zvakati wandei: mari inowanikwa nemakambani ebasa remitauro inobva muminda yakasiyana, izvo zvinoita kuti kukanganisa kwekuchinja kwezvinodiwa pakambani kuve kudiki; Matekinoroji akadai sekutaura nekunyora, kushandura kwemuchina, uye mapuratifomu ekududzira ari kure anoita kuti zvive nyore kumabhizinesi kushandisa mhinduro dzemitauro munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, uye mashandisirwo emabasa emitauro ari kuramba achikura; Panguva imwe chete, indasitiri yehutano nemadhipatimendi ehurumende muUnited States ari kuramba achiwedzera mari dzakabatana; Pamusoro pezvo, huwandu hwevanhu vane hunyanzvi hushoma hweChirungu (LEP) muUnited States huri kuramba huchiwedzera, uye kusimbiswa kwemitemo yekudzivirira mutauro kuri kuwedzerawo.
Muna 2022, vezera rekuAmerica vanowanzoita purofiti, neavhareji yepurofiti iri pakati pe29% ne43%, nekudzidziswa kwemitauro kuri kuita purofiti yepamusoro (43%). Zvisinei, zvichienzaniswa negore rapfuura, purofiti yebasa rekushandura nekududzira yakaderera zvishoma. Kunyangwe makambani mazhinji akawedzera mitengo yavo kune vatengi, kuwedzera kwemari yekushanda (kunyanya mari yevashandi) kuchiri chinhu chikuru chinokanganisa purofiti yebasa iri mbiri.
MuChina, mari inowanikwa nemakambani ekushandura iri kuwedzerawo muna 2022. Kubva pamaonero epurofiti yakawandisa, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti yakafananawo neyevamwe vekuAmerica. Zvisinei, musiyano uripo ndewekuti maererano nekotesheni, kunyanya kumapurojekiti makuru, kotesheni iri kudzikira. Saka, chinhu chikuru chinokanganisa purofiti hakusi kuwedzera kwemitengo yevashandi, asi kudzikira kwemitengo kunokonzerwa nemakwikwi emitengo. Saka, mumamiriro ezvinhu apo mitengo yevashandi isingakwanise kudzikiswa zvakaenzana, kushandisa matekinoroji akadai sehungwaru hwekugadzira kuderedza mitengo uye kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka kuchiri sarudzo isingadzivisike.
5. Mitengo
Mumusika weUS, mwero wemazwi ekushandura, kugadzirisa, uye kudzokorora (TEP) wakawedzera ne2% kusvika 9%. Mushumo weALC unovhara mitengo yekushandura Chirungu yemitauro gumi nerimwe: ChiArabic, ChiPutukezi, ChiChinese Chakarerutswa, ChiFrench, ChiGerman, ChiJapanese, ChiKorean, ChiRussian, ChiSpanish, ChiTagalog, nechiVietnamese. Mutengo wepakati mushanduro yeChirungu imadhora ekuAmerica 0.23 pashoko, nemutengo uri pakati pemutengo wakaderera we0.10 nemutengo wepamusoro we0.31; Mutengo wepakati mushanduro yeChirungu yakarerutswa yeChinese i0.24, nemutengo uri pakati pe0.20 ne0.31.
Vatengi vekuAmerica vanowanzotaura kuti "vatengi vanotarisira kuti njere dzekugadzira nemidziyo yeMT zvinogona kuderedza mitengo, asi havagone kusiya mwero wemhando yepamusoro wekushanda nemaoko 100%. Mitengo yePEMT inowanzova yakaderera ne20% kusvika 35% pane masevhisi ekushandura nemaoko chaiwo. Kunyangwe modhi yemitengo yeshoko neshoko ichiri kutonga indasitiri yemitauro, kushandiswa kwakapararira kwePEMT kwave simba guru kune mamwe makambani kuti aunze mamwe mamodheru emitengo.
Panyaya yekududzira, mwero webasa muna 2022 wakawedzera zvichienzaniswa negore rapfuura. Kuwedzera kukuru kwaive mukududzira kwemisangano panzvimbo, nemitengo yebasa reOPI, VRI, neRSI yese yakawedzera ne7% kusvika 9%.
Zvichienzaniswa neizvi, makambani ekushandura emuno muChina haana rombo rakanaka. Pasi pekumanikidzwa kwemamiriro ehupfumi, kushamisika kwetekinoroji kwakadai sehungwaru hwekugadzira, kudzora mitengo neBato A, uye kukwikwidzana kwemitengo mukati meindasitiri, mitengo yekushandura kwemuromo nekunyora haina kuwedzera asi yakaderera, kunyanya pamitengo yekushandura.
6. Tekinoroji
1) Chishandiso cheTMS/CAT: MemoQ ndiyo inotungamira, ine vanopfuura 50% veAmerica vanoshandisa puratifomu iyi, ichiteverwa neRWSTrados. Boostlingo ndiyo puratifomu inonyanya kushandiswa yekududzira, ine makambani anoda kusvika 30% anoti anoshandisa iyo kuronga, kutarisira, kana kupa masevhisi ekududzira. Inenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chemakambani ekuyedza mitauro anoshandisa Zoom kupa masevhisi ekuyedza. Mukusarudza maturusi ekushandura kwemichina, Amazon AWS ndiyo inonyanya kusarudzwa, ichiteverwa neAlibaba neDeepL, uyezve Google.
Mamiriro ezvinhu muChina akafanana, nesarudzo dzakasiyana dzezvishandiso zvekushandura muchina, pamwe nezvigadzirwa kubva kumakambani makuru akadai seBaidu naYoudao, pamwe neinjini dzekushandura muchina dzinobudirira muminda chaiyo. Pakati pemakambani emuno, kunze kwekushandiswa kwakajairika kwekushandura muchina nemakambani ekushandura muchina, makambani mazhinji achiri kushandisa nzira dzechinyakare dzekushandura. Zvisinei, mamwe makambani ekushandura ane hunyanzvi hwakasimba hwetekinoroji kana akatarisana nemunda chaiwo akatangawo kushandisa tekinoroji yekushandura muchina. Anowanzo shandisa mainjini ekushandura muchina anotengwa kana kurendwa kubva kune vamwe vanhu asi akadzidziswa achishandisa boka ravo.
2) Large Language Model (LLM): Ine hunyanzvi hwakanaka hwekushandura michina, asi inewo zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira. MuUnited States, makambani ebasa remitauro achiri kutamba basa guru mukupa mabasa emitauro kumabhizinesi padanho guru. Mabasa avo anosanganisira kusangana nezvinodiwa nevatengi kuburikidza nemabasa akasiyana-siyana emitauro anotungamirirwa netekinoroji, uye kuvaka zambuko pakati pemabasa anogona kupihwa nehunyanzvi hwekugadzira uye mabasa emitauro ayo makambani evatengi anofanirwa kushandisa. Zvisinei, kusvika pari zvino, kushandiswa kweuchenjeri hwekugadzira mumafambisirwo emabasa emukati hakuna kupararira. Vanhu vanosvika zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu vekuAmerica havana kushandisa huchenjeri hwekugadzira kuti vagonese kana kuita otomatiki chero basa rekushanda. Nzira inonyanya kushandiswa yekushandisa huchenjeri hwekugadzira sechinhu chinosimudzira kufamba kwebasa ndeyekugadzira mazwi anobatsira neAI. 10% chete yemakambani anoshandisa huchenjeri hwekugadzira kuongorora magwaro; 10% yemakambani anoshandisa huchenjeri hwekugadzira kuti vaongorore otomatiki hunhu hwekushandura; Vasingasviki 5% yemakambani anoshandisa huchenjeri hwekugadzira kuronga kana kubatsira vaturikiri mubasa ravo. Zvisinei, vazhinji vekuAmerica vari kunzwisisa LLM, uye chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chemakambani ari kuyedza nyaya dzebvunzo.
Panyaya iyi, pakutanga, vazhinji vevashandi vemuno vakatadza kubatanidza zvizere zvigadzirwa zvemitauro mikuru kubva kunze kwenyika, zvakaita seChatGPT, muchirongwa ichi nekuda kwezvipingamupinyi zvakasiyana-siyana. Nokudaro, vanogona kushandisa zvigadzirwa izvi sezvishandiso zvemibvunzo nemhinduro zvine hungwaru. Zvisinei, nekufamba kwenguva, zvigadzirwa izvi hazvina kungoshandiswa semainjini ekushandura michina chete, asi zvakazobatanidzwawo zvinobudirira mune mamwe mabasa akadai sekupukuta nekuongorora shanduro. Mabasa akasiyana-siyana eLLM idzi anogona kushandiswa kuti ape mabasa akazara emapurojekiti. Zvakakosha kutaura kuti, zvichikonzerwa nezvigadzirwa zvekunze, zvigadzirwa zveLLM zvakagadzirwa munyika zvakabudawo. Zvisinei, zvichibva pane zvataurwa pari zvino, kuchine mukaha wakakura pakati pezvigadzirwa zveLLM zvemuno nezvekunze, asi tinotenda kuti pachava nebudiriro huru yetekinoroji uye hunyanzvi mune ramangwana kuti mukaha uyu uderedzwe.
3) MT, automatic transcription, uye AI subtitles ndiwo masevhisi akajairika eAI. Mamiriro ezvinhu muChina akafanana, nekuvandudzwa kukuru kwetekinoroji dzakadai sekuziva kutaura uye automatic transcription mumakore achangopfuura, zvichikonzera kudzikiswa kukuru kwemitengo uye kuvandudzwa kwekushanda zvakanaka. Ehe, nekushandiswa kwakapararira kwetekinoroji idzi uye kudiwa kuri kuwedzera, vatengi vari kuramba vachitsvaga nzira dziri nani dzekushandisa mari mukati mebhajeti shoma, uye vanopa tekinoroji vari kuedza kugadzira mhinduro dziri nani.
4) Panyaya yekubatanidzwa kwemasevhisi ekushandura, TMS inogona kubatanidzwa nemapuratifomu akasiyana-siyana akadai seCMS yevatengi (system yekutarisira zvemukati) uye raibhurari yemafaira egore; Panyaya yemasevhisi ekududzira, maturusi ekududzira ari kure anogona kubatanidzwa nemapuratifomu ekupa hutano hwevatengi ari kure uye mapuratifomu emisangano yepamhepo. Mutengo wekugadzira nekushandisa kubatanidzwa unogona kunge wakakwira, asi kubatanidzwa kunogona kuisa zvakananga mhinduro dzemakambani ebasa remitauro muhurongwa hwetekinoroji yemutengi, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakakosha. Vanopfuura hafu vevamwe vekuAmerica vanotenda kuti kubatanidzwa kwakakosha kuti varambe vachikwikwidzana, neinenge 60% yemakambani achiwana huwandu hweshanduro hushoma kuburikidza nemabasa ekushanda otomatiki. Panyaya yehurongwa hwetekinoroji, makambani mazhinji anoshandisa nzira yekutenga, ne35% yemakambani achishandisa nzira yakasanganiswa ye "kutenga nekuvaka".
MuChina, makambani makuru ekushandura kana ekushandura anowanzo gadzira mapuratifomu akabatanidzwa ekushandiswa mukati, uye mamwe anogona kutoatengesa. Pamusoro pezvo, vamwe vanopa tekinoroji vechitatu vakatangawo zvigadzirwa zvavo zvakabatanidzwa, vachibatanidza CAT, MT, uye LLM. Nekugadzirisazve maitiro aya nekubatanidza huchenjeri hwekugadzira nekushandura kwevanhu, chinangwa chedu ndechekugadzira mafambiro ebasa akangwara. Izvi zvinopawo zvinodiwa zvitsva zvechimiro chekugona uye kutungamira kwekudzidzisa hunyanzvi hwemitauro. Mune ramangwana, indasitiri yekushandura ichaona mamiriro akawanda ekubatana kwemuchina nevanhu, izvo zvinoratidza kudiwa kweindasitiri kwekuvandudzwa kwakangwara uye kunobudirira. Vashanduri vanofanirwa kudzidza mashandisiro ehungwaru hwekugadzira uye maturusi e otomatiki kuti vawedzere kushanda zvakanaka kweshanduro uye mhando.
TalkingChina Translation yakaedzawo kushandisa puratifomu iyi mukugadzira kwayo. Parizvino, tichiri muchikamu chekuongorora, izvo zvinopa dambudziko kune vatariri vemapurojekiti nevashanduri maererano nemaitiro ebasa. Vanofanira kushandisa simba rakawanda vachichinja nzira itsva dzekushanda. Panguva imwe chete, kushanda kwekushandisa kunodawo kutariswa nekuongororwa kwakawanda. Zvisinei, tinotenda kuti kuongorora uku kwakanaka kunodiwa.
7. Kutengeswa Kwezviwanikwa Nevashandi
Vanoda kusvika 80% vevashandi vekuAmerica vanoti vakatarisana nekushomeka kwevane tarenda. Vatengesi, vaturikiri, uye vatariri vemapurojekiti vari pakati pevanotungamira muzvinzvimbo zvine kudiwa kukuru asi kuwanikwa kuri kushomeka. Mihoro ichiri yakagadzikana, asi nzvimbo dzekutengesa dzawedzera ne20% zvichienzaniswa negore rapfuura, nepo nzvimbo dzehutungamiri dzakaderera ne8%. Kutungamira pabasa uye sevhisi yevatengi, pamwe nehunyanzvi hwekugadzira neruzivo rwebig data, zvinoonekwa sehunyanzvi hwakakosha kuvashandi mumakore matatu anotevera. Maneja wepurojekiti ndiyo nzvimbo inowanzo shandiswa, uye makambani mazhinji anotora maneja wepurojekiti. Vasingasviki 20% yemakambani anotora vagadziri vehunyanzvi/software.
Mamiriro ezvinhu muChina akafanana. Kana tichitaura nezvevashandi venguva yakazara, zvakaoma kuti indasitiri yekushandura irambe iine tarenda rekutengesa rakanaka, kunyanya avo vanonzwisisa kugadzira, musika, uye sevhisi yevatengi. Kunyangwe tikadzokera shure toti bhizinesi rekambani yedu rinongovimba chete nekushandira vatengi vekare, havasi mhinduro yenguva imwe chete. Kuti tipe sevhisi yakanaka, tinofanirawo kukwanisa kutsungirira makwikwi nemutengo unonzwisisika. Panguva imwe chete, kunewo zvinodiwa zvepamusoro zvekugona kwekudzidzisa sevhisi kwevashandi vebasa revatengi (vanogona kunzwisisa zvakadzama zvinodiwa neshanduro uye kugadzira nekushandisa zvirongwa zvebasa remitauro zvinoenderana) uye kugona kwekutonga mapurojekiti kwevashandi vekutarisira mapurojekiti (vanogona kunzwisisa zviwanikwa nemaitiro, kudzora mitengo nemhando, uye kushandisa matekinoroji akasiyana-siyana nenzira inochinjika, kusanganisira maturusi matsva ehungwaru hwekugadzira).
Panyaya yekugovera zviwanikwa, mukushanda kwebhizinesi rekushandura reTalkingChina, zvichaonekwa kuti kwave nezvinodiwa zvitsva zvakawanda muChina mumakore maviri apfuura, zvakaita sekudiwa kwezviwanikwa zvekushandura zvemuno munyika dzekunze kuti mabhizinesi eChina aende pasi rose; Zviwanikwa mumitauro yakasiyana-siyana yevashoma zvinoenderana nekukura kwekambani kunze kwenyika; Matarenda akasarudzika muminda yakatarwa (ingave mukurapa, mitambo, mapatenti, nezvimwewo, zviwanikwa zvevashanduri zvinoenderana zvakazvimiririra, uye vasina ruzivo rwakafanana, havakwanise kupinda); Kune kushomeka kwevaturikiri, asi vanofanirwa kuve vanochinjika zvakanyanya maererano nenguva yebasa (senge kuchaja neawa kana kutopfupika, pane mutengo wekutanga wehafu yezuva). Saka dhipatimendi rezviwanikwa zvevashanduri remakambani ekushandura riri kuramba richikosha, richishanda sechikwata chekutsigira chepedyo chedhipatimendi rebhizinesi uye richida timu yekutenga zviwanikwa inoenderana nehuwandu hwebhizinesi rekambani. Ehe, kutenga zviwanikwa hakungosanganisi vaturikiri vega, asiwo mayuniti ekubatsirana, sezvambotaurwa.
8. Kutengesa neKushambadzira
Hubspot neLinkedIn ndizvo zvishandiso zvikuru zvekutengesa nekushambadzira zvevamwe vavo vekuAmerica. Muna 2022, makambani achagovera avhareji ye7% yemari yavo yegore negore kukushambadzira.
Zvichienzaniswa neizvi, hapana maturusi ekutengesa anobatsira muChina, uye LinkedIn haigone kushandiswa zvakajairika muChina. Nzira dzekutengesa dzinosanganisira kupenga kana kuti mamaneja ari kutengesa ivo pachavo, uye kune mapoka mashoma ekutengesa akaumbwa. Kuchinja kwevatengi kwenguva refu, uye kunzwisisa nekutarisira kugona kwe "kutengesa" kuchiri mumamiriro ezvinhu akapfava, izvo zviri zvakare chikonzero chekunonoka kwekushanda kwechikwata chekutengesa.
Panyaya yekushambadzira, vashandirwi vakawanda vari kushandisawo account yavo yeWeChat, uye TalkingChinayi inewo account yavo yeWeChat vhidhiyo. Panguva imwe chete, Bilibili, Xiaohongshu, Zhihu, nezvimwewo vane zvimwe zvavanogadzirisa, uye rudzi urwu rwekushambadzira runonyanya kutariswa nebrand; Mazwi akakosha SEM neSEO eBaidu kana Google anowanzo shandurwa zvakananga, asi mumakore achangopfuura, mutengo wekushandura mibvunzo wave kuwedzera. Kuwedzera pakuwedzera kwemitengo yeinjini dzekutsvaga, mutengo wevashandi vekushambadzira vane hunyanzvi mukushambadzira wakawedzerawo. Uyezve, mhando yemibvunzo inounzwa nekushambadzira haina kuenzana, uye haigone kunangwa zvichienderana neboka revatengi vebhizinesi, izvo zvisiri kushanda zvakanaka. Saka, mumakore achangopfuura, vazhinji vevashandi vepamba vakasiya kushambadzira kweinjini dzekutsvaga uye vakashandisa vashandi vekutengesa zvakanyanya kuita kutengesa kwakanangana.
Zvichienzaniswa neindasitiri iri muUnited States inoshandisa 7% yemari yayo yegore negore pakushambadzira, makambani ekushandura emuno anoisa mari shoma munzvimbo iyi. Chikonzero chikuru chekudyara mari shoma ndechekusaziva kukosha kwayo kana kusaziva maitiro ekuzviita zvinobudirira. Hazvisi nyore kuita kushambadzira kwezvinyorwa zvemasevhisi ekushandura eB2B, uye dambudziko rekushandisa kushambadzira nderokuti zvinyorwa zvinogona kukwezva vatengi.
9. Zvimwe zvinhu
1) Mitemo nezvitupa
Vanhu vanopfuura hafu vekuAmerica vanotenda kuti ISO certification inobatsira kuchengetedza makwikwi, asi hazvina kukosha. ISO standard inonyanya kufarirwa ndeye ISO17100:2015 certification, iyo inopihwa nekambani imwe chete pamakambani matatu ega ega.
Mamiriro ezvinhu muChina ndeekuti mapurojekiti mazhinji ekubhidha uye kutenga kwemukati kwemamwe mabhizinesi zvinoda ISO9001, saka sechiratidzo chinodiwa, makambani mazhinji ekushandura achiri kuda chitupa. Kana tichienzanisa nemamwe, ISO17100 ipfungwa yekuwedzera, uye vatengi vakawanda vekune dzimwe nyika vane chinodiwa ichi. Nokudaro, makambani ekushandura achatonga kana zvichidikanwa kuita chitupa ichi zvichibva pavatengi vavo. Panguva imwe chete, kunewo kushandira pamwe pakati peChina Translation Association neFangyuan Logo Certification Group kuti vatange chitupa cheA-level (A-5A) chebasa rekushandura muChina.
2) Zviratidzo zvikuru zvekuongorora mashandiro
50% yemakambani ekuAmerica anoshandisa mari inowanikwa sechiratidzo chebhizinesi, uye 28% yemakambani anoshandisa purofiti sechiratidzo chebhizinesi. Zviratidzo zvisiri zvemari zvinonyanya kushandiswa ndezvemhinduro dzevatengi, vatengi vekare, mitengo yekutengeserana, huwandu hwemaodha/mapurojekiti, uye vatengi vatsva. Mhinduro dzevatengi ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa pakuyera mhando yezvigadzirwa. Mamiriro ezvinhu muChina akafanana.
3) Mitemo nemutemo
Mwero wekuvandudzwa kweSmall Business Association of America (SBA) uchatanga kushanda muna Ndira 2022. Muganho wemakambani ekushandura nekududzira wakwidzwa kubva pamamiriyoni masere emadhora kusvika pamamiriyoni makumi maviri nemaviri nehafu emadhora. Mabhizinesi madiki eSBA anokodzera kuwana mikana yekutenga yakachengetwa kubva kuhurumende yemubatanidzwa, kutora chikamu muzvirongwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuvandudza mabhizinesi, mapurogiramu ekudzidzisa, uye kuwana mukana wekutaurirana nenyanzvi dzakasiyana-siyana. Mamiriro ezvinhu muChina akasiyana. Kune pfungwa yemabhizinesi madiki nemadiki muChina, uye rutsigiro rwunoratidzwa zvakanyanya muzvikumbiro zvemitero.
4) Kuvanzika kwedata uye kuchengetedzeka kwenetwork
Vanopfuura 80% vemakambani ekuAmerica vakashandisa mitemo nemaitiro senzira dzekudzivirira zviitiko zvepaindaneti. Vanopfuura hafu yemakambani vakashandisa nzira dzekuona zviitiko. Vanenge hafu yemakambani vanoita ongororo dzenjodzi nguva nenguva uye vanogadza mabasa nemabasa ane chekuita nekuchengetedzwa kwepaindaneti mukati mekambani. Izvi zvakaoma kupfuura makambani mazhinji ekushandura echiChinese.
Muchidimbu, mumushumo weALC, taona mazwi akati wandei akakosha kubva kumakambani eAmerica:
1. Kukura
Muna 2023, tichitarisana nemamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara ehupfumi, indasitiri yebasa remitauro muUnited States ichiri kuramba iine simba rakasimba, makambani mazhinji achikura uye mari yakagara yakawanikwa. Zvisinei, mamiriro ezvinhu aripo iye zvino anokonzera matambudziko makuru pakubudirira kwemakambani. "Kukura" kuchiri chinhu chinonyanya kutariswa nemakambani ebasa remitauro muna 2023, zvichiratidzwa nekuramba achiwedzera zvikwata zvekutengesa uye kugadzirisa nzira dzekuwana zviwanikwa zvevaturikiri nevashanduri. Panguva imwe chete, huwandu hwekubatanidzwa nekutenga muindasitiri hunoramba hwakagadzikana, kunyanya nekuda kwetariro yekupinda muminda mitsva yakamira uye misika yedunhu.
2. Mutengo
Kunyangwe huwandu hwevashandi huri kuramba huchiwedzera, musika wevashandi waunzawo matambudziko ari pachena; vamiririri vekutengesa vakanaka uye vatariri vemapurojekiti havana kuwanda. Panguva iyi, kumanikidzwa kudzora mitengo kunoita kuti kuhaya vashanduri vane hunyanzvi pamitengo yakanaka kuve kwakaoma.
3. Tekinoroji
Kuchinja kwetekinoroji kuri kuramba kuchichinja mamiriro eindasitiri yebasa remitauro, uye mabhizinesi ari kutarisana nesarudzo dzakawanda dzetekinoroji uye sarudzo dzehurongwa: nzira yekubatanidza zvinobudirira kugona kwehunyanzvi hwekugadzira neruzivo rwehunyanzvi hwevanhu kuti vape masevhisi akasiyana-siyana? Nzira yekubatanidza maturusi matsva mukushanda kwebasa? Mamwe makambani madiki ari kunetseka kana achigona kufambirana nekuchinja kwetekinoroji. Zvisinei, vazhinji vevashandi vekushandura muUnited States vane maonero akanaka kune matekinoroji matsva uye vanotenda kuti indasitiri iyi ine kugona kwekugadzirisa mamiriro matsva kwetekinoroji.
4. Kutungamirirwa kwebasa
"Kutungamirirwa kwebasa" kunotarisa vatengi inyaya inodzokororwa kakawanda nevashandi vekuAmerica vanoshandura. Kugona kugadzirisa mhinduro dzemutauro nemazano zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nevatengi kunoonekwa sehunyanzvi hwakakosha kune vashandi vari muindasitiri yebasa remitauro.
Mashoko akakosha ari pamusoro apa anoshandawo muChina. Makambani ane "kukura" mumushumo weALC haasi pakati pe500 000 nemamiriyoni emadhora ekuAmerica. Sebhizinesi diki rine mari, maonero eTalkingChina Translation ndeekuti bhizinesi rekushandura remuno rave richinyanya kuyerera kuenda kumakambani makuru ekushandura mumakore achangopfuura, zvichiratidza mhedzisiro yakakosha yeMatthew. Kubva pamaonero aya, kuwedzera mari kuchiri chinhu chinonyanya kukosheswa. Panyaya yemutengo, makambani ekushandura akambotenga mitengo yekugadzira shanduro yaive yekushandura nemaoko, kuverenga nemaoko, kana PEMT. Zvisinei, mumuenzaniso mutsva wekuda uko PEMT iri kushandiswa zvakanyanya kuburitsa hunhu hwekushandura nemaoko, maitiro ekugadzirisa maitiro ekugadzira, Zvakakosha uye nekukurumidza kutenga mutengo mutsva wevashanduri vanoshanda pamwe chete kuti vaite kuverenga kwakadzama pahwaro hweMT uye pakupedzisira hunhu hwekushandura nemaoko (zvakasiyana nePEMT iri nyore), uku vachipa nhungamiro itsva dzebasa dzinoenderana.
Panyaya yetekinoroji, vezera remumba vari kugamuchirawo tekinoroji uye vari kuita shanduko dzinodiwa pakugadzira. Panyaya yekutarisira sevhisi, kungave TalkingChina Translate ine hukama hwakasimba nevatengi kana kuti inovimba nekuvandudza kwayo nguva dzose, manejimendi yechiratidzo, kunatsiridza sevhisi, uye kutungamira kudiwa kwevatengi. Chiratidzo chekuongorora hunhu "mhinduro dzevatengi", pane kutenda kuti "maitiro ekugadzira akakwana uye ekudzora hunhu aitwa". Pese panoitika kuvhiringidzika, kubuda, kutaura nevatengi, uye kuteerera manzwi avo ndicho chinhu chinonyanya kukosheswa nekutarisira vatengi.
Kunyangwe gore ra2022 raive gore rakanyanya kuoma mudenda remuno, makambani mazhinji ekushandura emuno achiri kuwana mari yakawanda. Gore ra2023 ndiro gore rekutanga mushure mekupora kwedenda iri. Nzvimbo yakaoma yezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi, pamwe nekukanganisa kwakawanda kwetekinoroji yeAI, zvinopa matambudziko makuru mukukura nekubudirira kwemakambani ekushandura. Ungashandisa sei tekinoroji kuderedza mitengo nekuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka? Ungakunda sei mumakwikwi emitengo ari kuramba achikura? Ungatarisa sei vatengi zviri nani uye kuzadzisa zvavanoda zvinogara zvichichinja, kunyanya zvinodiwa nemakambani emitauro emuno eChina mumakore achangopfuura, nepo purofiti yavo iri kuderedzwa? Makambani ekushandura echiChinese ari kufunga nekushandisa nyaya idzi. Kunze kwekusiyana kwemamiriro enyika, tichiri kuwana mamwe mareferensi anobatsira kubva kune vatinoshanda navo vekuAmerica mu2023ALC Industry Report.
Chinyorwa ichi chakapihwa naMs. Su Yang (Maneja Mukuru weShanghai TalkingChina Translation Consulting Co., Ltd.)
Nguva yekutumira: Kukadzi-01-2024