Izvi zvinotevera zvinoturikirwa kubva kuChinese sosi neshanduro yemuchina pasina kupepetwa.
Sangano reAmerican Language Companies (ALC) isangano remaindasitiri riri muUnited States.Nhengo dzesangano iri kunyanya mabhizinesi anopa kushandura, kududzira, kugarisana, uye kutengeserana nemitauro.ALC inobata misangano yegore negore kuti itaure pamusoro pekodzero dzeindasitiri, kuita nhaurirano dzakatenderedzwa pamisoro yakadai sekusimudzira indasitiri, manejimendi ebhizinesi, musika, uye tekinoroji, uye zvakare kuronga vamiriri kubva kumakambani eshanduro eAmerica kuti vakumbire Congress.Pamusoro pekukoka vatauriri veindasitiri, musangano wepagore unorongawo vanozivikanwa vemabhizimusi manejimendi kana nyanzvi dzekudzidzisa hutungamiriri nevamwe vatauriri vasiri indasitiri, uye kuburitsa mushumo wepagore weALC indasitiri.
Muchinyorwa chino, tinopa zvirimo mu2023ALC Indasitiri Report (yakabudiswa munaGunyana 2023, iine zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvemakambani akaongororwa ari nhengo dzeALC uye anopfuura makumi manomwe muzana ane muzinda muUnited States), akasanganiswa nechiitiko che TalkingChina Translate indasitiri, kuita kuenzanisa kuri nyore kwechimiro chebhizinesi cheindasitiri yekushandura muChina neUnited States.Isu tinotarisirawo kushandisa matombo edzimwe nyika kuveza jade redu.
一、Chirevo cheALC chinopa indasitiri kiyi data statistics kubva kune gumi nemana maficha kuti isu titarise uye tienzanise chimwe nechimwe:
1. Bhizinesi muenzaniso
Kufanana pakati peChina neUnited States:
1) Zvemukati zvesevhisi: 60% yemasevhisi makuru evezera reAmerica anotarisa pakududzira, 30% pakududzira, uye 10% yasara yakapararira pakati pezvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvebasa rekushandura;Inopfuura hafu yemakambani anopa midhiya enzvimbo masevhisi, anosanganisira kunyora, dubbing, subtitles, uye dubbing.
2) Mutengi: Kunyangwe vanopfuura zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvevezera reAmerica vachishandira mafemu emutemo, 15% chete yemakambani anovashandisa senzira yavo yekutanga mari.Izvi zvinoratidza kuti mari yekushandiswa kwemitauro yemakambani ezvemitemo yakapararira zvakanyanya, izvo zvinowanzoenderana nemamiriro enguva pfupi yezvido zveshanduro yemutemo uye kuderera kweavhareji yekukura kwekutenga shanduro muindasitiri.Pamusoro pezvo, inopfuura hafu yevamwe vedu vekuAmerica vanopa masevhisi emitauro kukugadzira, kushambadzira, uye masangano edhijitari.Aya masangano anoshanda semurevereri pakati pemakambani ebasa remitauro uye vatengi vekupedzisira kubva kumaindasitiri akasiyana.Mumakore achangopfuura, basa uye miganhu yemasevhisi emitauro yakasvibiswa: mamwe masangano ekugadzira anopa masevhisi emitauro, nepo mamwe achiwedzera mundima yekugadzira zvemukati.Zvichakadaro, 95% yevezera reAmerica inopa masevhisi emitauro kune mamwe makambani evezera, uye kutenga mukati meindasitiri iyi kunotungamirwa nehukama hwekubatana.
Maitiro ari pamusoro akafanana nemamiriro ezvinhu muChina.Semuyenzaniso, mukushanda kwebhizinesi nguva pfupi yadarika, TalkingChina Translation yakasangana neimwe nyaya apo mutengi mukuru anga ashanda kwemakore akawanda, nekuda kwekufunga kwekugadzirwa kwemukati kuenderana uye mutengo, kupihwa zvakare matende uye nepakati pekutenga kwese kudhizaina, dhizaini, mifananidzo, kududzira, uye. mamwe mabhizinesi ane chekuita nezvemukati.Vatori vechikamu chekutenga vaive makambani ekushambadza, uye uyo akahwina akave mukontrakta mukuru wekugadzira zvirimo.Basa rekushandura rakaitwawo neanovaka kondirakiti uyu, Kana kuti akazadza kana kuti chibvumirano ari oga.Nenzira iyi, semushandi webasa rekushandura wepakutanga, TalkingChina inogona kungoyedza kuenderera mberi nekushanda pamwe neayi general kontrakta nepose pazvinobvira, uye zvakanyanya kuoma kuyambuka mutsara zvachose uye kuva mugadziri wezvemukati wekugadzira.
Panyaya yekubatana kwevezera, chikamu chaicho muChina hachizivikanwi, asi ichokwadi kuti chave chiitiko chiri kuramba chichiwanzoitika mumakore achangopfuura, chakanangana nekusangana nezvinodiwa nevatengi, kusimbisa kugona muminda yakatwasuka nemimwe mitauro, kumisikidza mamwe anochinjika ekupa cheni. , kana kuwedzera kana kugaya kugadzirwa kwesimba, pamwe neanobatsirana.Songaniro yokunakidzwa yakavanzika iri kuitawo zvirongwa zvinobatsira uye kuedza mune izvi.
Kusiyana pakati peChina neUnited States:
1) Kuwedzera kwenyika: Vazhinji vedu vekuUS vanoburitsa mari yavo huru kubva kune vatengi vepamba, asi imwe mumakambani matatu ese ane mahofisi munyika mbiri kana kupfuura, kunyangwe pasina hukama hwakanaka pakati pemari nenhamba yemapazi epasi rese.Zvinoita sekuti chikamu chekuwedzera kwepasirese pakati pevezera reAmerica chakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura zvedu, izvo zvine chekuita nekunakirwa kwavo munzvimbo yenzvimbo, mutauro, uye kufanana kwetsika.Vanopinda mumisika mitsva kuburikidza nekuwedzera kwenyika, kuwana zviwanikwa zvetekinoroji, kana kutanga nzvimbo dzekugadzira dzakachipa.
Zvichienzaniswa neizvi, mwero wekuwedzera wepasi rose wevashanduri veChinese wakaderera zvakanyanya, nemakambani mashoma akabudirira kuenda pasi rose.Kubva pamakesi mashoma akabudirira, zvinogona kuoneka kuti ndizvo chaizvo mamaneja ebhizinesi ivo vanofanirwa kutanga vabuda.Zvakanakisisa kutarisa misika yemhiri kwemakungwa, kuva nezvikwata zvekushanda munharaunda munharaunda, uye kunyatsobatanidza tsika dzekambani, kunyanya kutengesa uye kushambadzira, mumusika wemunharaunda kuita basa rakanaka rekugara.Ehe, makambani haasi kuenda kunze kwenyika nekuda kwekuenda pasirese, asi kuti anofanirwa kutanga afunga kuti nei achida kuenda pasirese uye kuti chinangwa chavo chii?Tingabudirei kugungwa?Chii chiri hunyanzvi hwekupedzisira?Ipapo kunouya mubvunzo wekuti ungaenda sei kugungwa.
Saizvozvo, makambani eshanduro epamba anochengetedza zvakanyanya mukutora chikamu mumusangano wepasirese wevezera.Kutora chikamu kweChina mumisangano yepasirese yakaita seGALA/ALC/LocWorld/ELIA kwagara kuri kuitika, uye haawanzoona kuvapo kwevezera repamba.Maitiro ekusimudzira izwi rose uye pesvedzero yeindasitiri yebasa remutauro weChina munharaunda yepasirese, uye kubatana mukudziya, ragara riri dambudziko.Zvakasiyana, tinowanzoona makambani eshanduro emuArgentina achiuya kubva kure kumisangano yepasi rose.Ivo havangotore chikamu mumusangano chete asi zvakare vanoonekwa semufananidzo wakaungana weakajairika wekuSouth America Spanish mupi wemutauro.Vanotamba mimwe mitambo yekudyidzana neveruzhinji pamusangano, vanosimudzira mamiriro ekunze, uye kugadzira mhando yemhando, iyo inofanirwa kudzidza kubva.
2) Mutengi: Mapoka matatu epamusoro evatengi maererano nemari inowanikwa muUnited States hutano hwehutano, hurumende / veruzhinji, uye masangano edzidzo, nepo kuChina, iwo ruzivo uye kutaurirana tekinoroji, kuyambuka muganhu e-commerce, uye dzidzo uye kudzidziswa (maererano ne2023 Development Report yeChinese Translation and Language Services Industry yakaburitswa neChina Translators Association).
Vatariri vehutano (kusanganisira zvipatara, makambani einishuwarenzi, uye makiriniki) ndiwo musimboti wekuwana mari kune vanopfuura makumi mashanu muzana vevavo vekuAmerica, vane hunhu hwakajeka hweAmerica.Pamusoro penyika yose, United States ndiyo inonyanya kushandisa mari yehutano.Nekuda kwekushandiswa kwehurongwa hwakasanganiswa hwemari yakazvimiririra uye yeruzhinji muUnited States, mari yebasa remutauro muhutano hwehutano hunobva kune ese ari maviri zvipatara, makambani einishuwarenzi ehutano, uye makiriniki, pamwe nezvirongwa zvehurumende.Makambani ebasa remutauro anoita basa rakakosha mukubatsira vatapi vehutano kugadzira nekuita zvirongwa zvekushandisa mutauro.Zvinoenderana nemirairo yepamutemo, zvirongwa zvekushandisa mitauro zvinosungirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuti varwere vane hunyanzvi hweChirungu (LEP) vane mukana wakaenzana wemhando yepamusoro yekurapa.
Zvakanakira zviri pamusoro pezvido zvemusika wepanyama hazvigone kuenzaniswa kana kuenzaniswa mudzimba.Asi musika weChinese unewo maitiro ayo.Mumakore achangopfuura, hurumende yaitungamira Belt and Road Initiative uye kuwanda kwemabhizinesi emuno echiChina kuenda kunze kwenyika kwapa kuti pave neshanduro dzakawanda kubva kuChinese kana Chirungu kuenda kumitauro mishoma.Ehe, kana iwe uchida kutora chikamu mairi uye kuve mutambi akakodzera, inoisa zvakare zvinodikanwa zvepamusoro pamabhizinesi edu ebasa rekushandura zviwanikwa uye kugona kwekutungamira kweprojekiti.
3) Zvemukati zvesevhisi: Inenge hafu yevamwe vedu vekuAmerica vanopa masevhisi emutauro wemasaini;20% yemakambani anopa bvunzo yemutauro (inosanganisira hunyanzvi hwekuongorora mutauro);15% yemakambani anopa mutauro kudzidziswa (kunyanya online).
Iko hakuna data rinoenderana rinowanikwa mudzimba kune zviri pamusoro, asi kubva pakuona kwekunzwa, chikamu muUnited States chinofanira kunge chakakwira kupfuura kuChina.Anohwina bhidhiri yemapurojekiti ekubhidha mutauro wemasaini wepamba kazhinji chikoro chakakosha kana kambani yetekinoroji yetiweki, uye kashoma kambani yekushandura.Kune zvakare makambani mashoma eshanduro anotungamira kuyedzwa kwemutauro uye kudzidziswa senzvimbo dzadzo huru dzebhizinesi.
2. Corporate strategy
Vazhinji vezera reAmerica vanoisa pamberi "kuwedzera mari" sechinhu chinonyanya kukosha cha2023, nepo chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chemakambani anosarudza kuderedza mari yekushandisa.
Panyaya yehurongwa hwebasa, inopfuura hafu yemakambani akawedzera masevhisi avo mumakore matatu apfuura, asi kune makambani mashoma ari kuronga kuwedzera masevhisi avo mumakore matatu anotevera.Masevhisi akawedzera zvakanyanya ndee-e-learning, on-saiti subtitle services, muchina kushandura post editing (PEMT), kure kure kududzira panguva imwe cheteyo (RSI), dubbing, uye vhidhiyo kuretu dudziro (VRI).Kuwedzerwa kwebasa kunonyanya kufambiswa nezvinodiwa nevatengi.Panyaya iyi, zvakafanana nemamiriro ezvinhu muChina.Mazhinji makambani ebasa remutauro weChinese apindura kune kuwedzera kwemusika kudiwa mumakore achangopfuura, uye kukura uye kuderedzwa kwemitengo zvakare madingindira asingaperi.
Zvichakadaro, mumakore maviri apfuura, vazhinji vezera repamba vanga vachikurukura nezvekuvandudzwa kwesevhisi, kungave kuri kuwedzera huwandu hwemasevhisi kana kuwedzera kumusoro.Semuyenzaniso, makambani eshanduro ane hunyanzvi mukududzira patent ari kuwedzera kutarisisa kwawo kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzepatent services;Kuita kushandura mota uye kuunganidza hungwaru paindasitiri yemotokari;Shandura magwaro ekushambadzira kubatsira vatengi kutsikisa nekuchengetedza nhepfenyuro dzemhiri kwemakungwa;Ini ndinopawo dhinda level setting uye anozotevera kudhinda masevhisi ekushandura magwaro kuti adhindwe;Avo vanoshanda sevaturikiri vemusangano vane basa rekuita zviitiko zvemusangano kana kuvaka panzvimbo;Paunenge uchishandura webhusaiti, ita SEO uye SEM kuuraya, zvichingodaro.Ehe, shanduko yega yega inoda kuongororwa uye haisi nyore, uye pachave nekumwe misungo mukuyedza.Nekudaro, chero bedzi iri gadziriso yehungwaru yakaitwa mushure mekuita sarudzo zvine musoro, zvinonyanya kukosha kuita kumwe kutsungirira mukuita tortuous.Mumakore matatu kusvika mashanu apfuura, TalkingChina Translation yakaisa zvishoma nezvishoma minda yakatwasuka uye zvigadzirwa zvekuwedzera mutauro (semishonga, patents, mitambo yepamhepo nemimwe varaidzo yepani, Chirungu nekune dzimwe nyika, nezvimwewo).Panguva imwecheteyo, yakagadzirawo vertical extensions muhunyanzvi hwayo mumisika yekutaurirana zvigadzirwa.Ndichiri kuita zvakanaka mukuturikira mhando dzebasa, yakapindawo mukunyora kweyepamusoro kukosha-yakawedzerwa kopi (senge mapoinzi ekutengesa, mazita ekutungamira, kopi yechigadzirwa, ruzivo rwechigadzirwa, kopi yemuromo, nezvimwewo), kuwana mibairo yakanaka.
Panyaya yemamiriro emakwikwi, vezera reAmerica vazhinji vanoona makambani makuru, epasi rose, uye emitauro yakawanda sevakwikwidzi vavo vakuru, seMutauroLine, Lionbridge, RWS, TransPerfect, nezvimwewo;MuChina, nekuda kwekusiyana kwevatengi pakati pemakambani epasi rese enzvimbo nemakambani eshanduro emuno, pane makwikwi akananga mashoma.Kuwedzera kukwikwidzana kwevezera kunobva mukukwikwidzana kwemitengo pakati pemakambani eshanduro, nemutengo wakaderera uye makambani makuru ari iwo makuru anokwikwidza, kunyanya mumapurojekiti ekubhidha.
Pagara paine musiyano wakakosha pakati peChina neUnited States maererano nekubatanidzwa uye kutora.Iko kubatanidzwa uye kutora zviitiko zvevezera reAmerica zvinoramba zvakagadzikana, nevatengi vachiramba vachitsvaga mikana uye vangangove vatengesi vachitsvaga kana kumirira mikana yekutengesa kana kuchengetedza kusangana nekubatanidza uye kutora mabhuroka.MuChina, nekuda kwenyaya dzekutonga kwemari, kukosha kwakaoma kuverenga zvine musoro;Panguva imwecheteyo, nekuda kwemukuru ari mutengesi mukuru, panogona kunge paine njodzi dzekuendesa zviwanikwa zvevatengi pamberi uye mushure mekubatana uye kutora kana kambani ikachinja maoko.Kubatanidzwa uye kutora hazvisi izvo zvinowanzoitika.
3. Zvemukati zvebasa
Dudziro yemuchina (MT) yakagamuchirwa zvakanyanya nevezera muUnited States.Nekudaro, kushandiswa kweMT mukati mekambani kunowanzo kusarudza uye kuronga, uye zvinhu zvakasiyana zvinogona kukanganisa zvingangoitika njodzi uye mabhenefiti.Vanosvika zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvevezera rekuAmerica vanopa muchina wekushandura post editing (PEMT) sevhisi kune vatengi vavo, asi TEP inoramba iri iyo inonyanya kushandiswa sevhisi yekushandura.Paunenge uchiita sarudzo pakati pematatu ekugadzira modhi yegwara rakachena, muchina wakachena, uye kushandura nemuchina uye kugadzirisa, kudiwa kwevatengi ndicho chinhu chinonyanya kukosha chinokanganisa kuita sarudzo, uye kukosha kwayo kunodarika zvimwe zvinhu zviviri zvikuru (mhando yemukati uye kubatanidza mitauro).
Panyaya yekududzira, musika weUS wakaita shanduko huru.Vanenge zvikamu zvitatu kubva muzvina zvevashandi vekududzira vekuAmerica vanopa vhidhiyo kure kududzira (VRI) uye kududzira kwerunhare (OPI), uye zvingangoita zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvemakambani anopa kure kure kududzira panguva imwe chete (RSI).Nzvimbo nhatu huru dzevanopa masevhisi ekududzira kududzira kwehutano, dudziro yebhizinesi, uye kududzira zviri pamutemo.RSI inoita kunge inoramba iri yekukura kwemusika niche musika muUnited States.Kunyangwe mapuratifomu eRSI ari kunyanya makambani etekinoroji, mapuratifomu mazhinji ave kupa nyore kuwana masevhisi ekududzira kuburikidza nekuwanda uye/kana kubatana nemakambani ebasa remitauro.Iko kubatanidzwa kwakananga kwemapuratifomu eRSI ane maturusi emusangano epamhepo akadai seZoom uye mamwe mapuratifomu evatengi zvakare anoisa makambani aya munzvimbo yakanaka yekutonga mukududzira zvinodiwa nemakambani.Ehe, iyo RSI chikuva inoonekwawo nevakawanda vezera reAmerica semukwikwidzi akananga.Kunyangwe RSI ine mabhenefiti akawanda maererano nekuchinjika uye mutengo, inounzawo zvipingamupinyi zvekushandisa, kusanganisira latency, mhando yekuteerera, matambudziko ekuchengetedza data, zvichingodaro.
Zviri pamusoro apa zvine kufanana uye kusiyana muChina, seRSI.TalkingChina Dudziro yakagadzira mubatanidzwa wehunyanzvi nekambani yepapuratifomu denda risati rasvika.Munguva yedenda, chikuva ichi chaive nebhizinesi rakawanda chiri choga, asi mushure medenda iri, misangano yakawanda yakatanga zvakare uchishandisa mafomu ekunze.Naizvozvo, kubva pamaonero eTalkingChina Translation semupi wekududzira, zvinonzwa kuti kudiwa kwekududzira kwepanzvimbo kwakawedzera zvakanyanya, uye RSI yadzikira kusvika padanho rakati, Asi RSI ichokwadi chekuwedzera chinodiwa uye kugona kunodiwa kudzimba. vanopa masevhisi ekududzira.Panguva imwecheteyo, kushandiswa kweOPI mukududzirwa kwefoni kwakatonyanya kuderera mumusika weChina kupfuura muUnited States, sezvo mamiriro makuru ekushandiswa muUnited States ari ezvokurapa uye emutemo, izvo zvisipo muChina.
Panyaya yekushandura nemuchina, muchina wekushandura post editing (PEMT) chigadzirwa chembabvu yehuku musevhisi yemakambani ekushandura epamba.Vatengi havawanzoisarudza, uye chavanoda zvakanyanya kuwana mhando imwechete uye nekukasira kwekumhanya kweshanduro yevanhu nemutengo uri pedyo nemuchina wekushandura.Nokudaro, kushandiswa kwekushandura kwemuchina kunonyanya kuoneka mukugadzirwa kwemakambani ekushandura, pasinei nokuti inoshandiswa here kana kuti kwete, Tinofanira kupa vatengi vane hutano hwakanaka uye nemitengo yakaderera (nekukurumidza, yakanaka, uye yakachipa).Ehe, kunewo makasitoma anopa zvakananga mibairo yeshanduro yemuchina uye vanokumbira makambani eshanduro kuti averenge pachikonzero ichi.Maonero eTalkingChina Translation ndeekuti mhando yeshanduro yemuchina yakapihwa nemutengi iri kure nezvinotarisirwa nemutengi, uye kuongorora nemaoko kunoda kupindira kwakadzama, kazhinji kupfuura chiyero chePEMT.Zvisinei, mutengo unopihwa nemutengi wakadzikira zvakanyanya pane weshanduro yemanyorero.
4. Kukura uye purofiti
Zvisinei nekusagadzikana kwehukuru hwehupfumi uye hwepasirese hwezvematongerwo enyika, kukura kwevezera reUS muna 2022 kwakaramba kwakatsiga, ne60% yemakambani ari kuona kukura kwemari uye makumi maviri neshanu muzana ari kuona kukura kuri kupfuura 25%.Uku kusimba kune hukama kune akati wandei akakosha zvinhu: mari yemakambani ebasa remitauro inobva munzvimbo dzakasiyana, izvo zvinoita kuti huwandu hwese hwekuchinja kwekuda kwekambani kuve diki;Tekinoroji dzakadai sezwi kune zvinyorwa, shanduro yemuchina, uye mapuratifomu ekududzira ari kure anoita kuti zvive nyore kumabhizinesi kuti ashandise mhinduro dzemitauro munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, uye nyaya dzekushandisa dzemitauro dzinoramba dzichiwedzera;Panguva imwe cheteyo, indasitiri yezvoutano uye madhipatimendi ehurumende muUnited States anopfuurira kuwedzera ndyiko dzine chokuita;Pamusoro pezvo, huwandu hwevanhu vane hunyanzvi hweChirungu (LEP) muUnited States huri kuramba huchiwedzera, uye kutevedzwa kwemitemo yezvipingamupinyi zvemitauro kuri kuwedzerawo.
Muna 2022, vezera reAmerica vanowanzoita pundutso, vaine avhareji yepurofiti pakati pe29% ne43%, nekudzidziswa mutauro kuine purofiti yepamusoro (43%).Zvakadaro, zvichienzaniswa negore rapfuura, migumo yepurofiti yeshanduro nekuturikira masevhisi yakadzikira zvishoma.Kunyange zvazvo makambani mazhinji akawedzera makotesheni avo kune vatengi, kuwedzera kwemitengo yekushandisa (kunyanya mutengo wevashandi) inoramba iri chinhu chakakosha chinokanganisa purofiti yemasevhisi maviri aya.
MuChina, zvachose, mari yemakambani ekushandura iri kuwedzerawo muna 2022. Kubva pakuona kwehuwandu hwemari, inogona kutaurwa kuti yakafananawo neveAmerica.Nekudaro, mutsauko ndewekuti maererano nekotesheni, kunyanya kumapurojekiti makuru, iyo quotation iri pasi.Nokudaro, chinhu chinokosha chinokanganisa purofiti haisi kuwedzera kwemari yevashandi, asi kuderera kwemutengo kunokonzerwa nemakwikwi emitengo.Naizvozvo, mumamiriro ezvinhu apo mari yevashandi haigone kuderedzwa zvinoenderana, kushingaira kushandisa matekinoroji akadai sehungwaru hwekugadzira kuderedza mutengo uye kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka ichiri sarudzo isingadzivisiki.
5. Mitengo
Mumusika weUS, chiyero chezwi chekushandura, kugadzirisa, uye kuongorora (TEP) chakawedzera ne2% kusvika 9%.Chirevo cheALC chinovhara mitengo yeshanduro yeChirungu yemitauro gumi neimwe: Arabic, Portuguese, Simplified Chinese, French, German, Japanese, Korean, Russian, Spanish, Tagalog, and Vietnamese.Mutengo wepakati mushanduro yeChirungu ndeye 0.23 US madhora pazwi, ine mutengo wepakati pakati peiyo yakaderera kukosha kwe0.10 uye yakakosha kukosha kwe0.31;Mutengo wepakati mushanduro yakareruka yeChinese Chirungu ndeye 0.24, ine mutengo uri pakati pe0.20 ne0.31.
Vezera ravo vekuAmerica vanowanzo taura kuti "vatengi vanotarisira kuti hungwaru hwekugadzira uye maturusi eMT anogona kuderedza mutengo, asi haagone kusiya chiyero chemhando ye100% mashandiro emaoko.".Mareti ePEMT anowanzo kudzika ne20% kusvika 35% pane masevhisi ekushandura nemaoko.Kunyange zvazvo izwi neshoko remhando yemitengo ichiri kutonga indasitiri yemitauro, kushandiswa kwakapararira kwePEMT kwave simba rekufambisa kune mamwe makambani kuunza mamwe maitiro emitengo.
Panyaya yekududzira, mwero webasa muna 2022 wakawedzera zvichienzaniswa negore rapfuura.Kuwedzera kukuru kwaive mukududzirwa kwemusangano wepa-saiti, neOPI, VRI, uye RSI masevhisi masevhisi ese achiwedzera ne7% kusvika 9%.
Zvichienzaniswa neizvi, makambani ekushandura epamba muChina haana rombo rakanaka.Pasi pekudzvinyirirwa kwemamiriro ehupfumi, kuvhundutsa kwetekinoroji kwakadai sehungwaru hwekugadzira, kutonga kwemitengo neBato A, uye kukwikwidza kwemitengo mukati meindasitiri, mitengo yeshanduro yemuromo uye yakanyorwa haina kuwedzera asi yakadzikira, kunyanya mumitengo yeshanduro.
6. Technology
1) TMS/CAT chishandiso: MemoQ iri kutungamira, ine vanopfuura makumi mashanu muzana vezera reAmerica vachishandisa chikuva ichi, ichiteverwa neRWSTrados.Boostlingo ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa kududzira chikuva, ine ingangoita 30% yemakambani anoshuma achiishandisa kuronga, kutonga, kana kupa masevhisi ekududzira.Chinenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chemakambani ekuongorora mitauro anoshandisa Zoom kupa masevhisi ekuyedza.Mukusarudzwa kwematurusi ekushandura muchina, Amazon AWS ndiyo inonyanya kusarudzwa, ichiteverwa neAlibaba neDeepL, uyezve Google.
Mamiriro ezvinhu muChina akafanana, ane sarudzo dzakasiyana-siyana dzematurusi ekushandura muchina, pamwe chete nezvigadzirwa kubva kumakambani makuru akadai seBaidu neYoudao, pamwe chete nemainjini ekushandura emuchina anokunda mune mamwe minda.Pakati pevezera repamba, kunze kwekushandiswa kwakajairwa kweshanduro yemuchina nemakambani enzvimbo, makambani mazhinji achiri kuvimba nenzira dzechinyakare dzekushandura.Zvakadaro, mamwe makambani ekushandura ane hunyanzvi hwetekinoroji kana kutarisa pane imwe nzvimbo atangawo kushandisa tekinoroji yemuchina.Vanowanzo shandisa injini dzekushandura dzemuchina dzinotengwa kana kurendwa kubva kumapato echitatu asi dzakadzidziswa vachishandisa corpus yavo.
2) Huru Mutauro Model (LLM): Iyo ine yakanakisa shanduri yemuchina, asi ine zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira.MuUnited States, makambani ebasa remitauro achiri kuita basa rekutanga mukupa masevhisi emitauro kumabhizinesi pamwero mukuru.Basa ravo rinosanganisira kusangana nezvinodiwa nevatengi zvakaoma kuburikidza nehuwandu hwehunyanzvi hwemitauro inofambiswa nehunyanzvi, uye kuvaka zambuko pakati pemasevhisi anogona kupihwa nehungwaru hwekugadzira uye masevhisi emitauro ayo makambani evatengi anofanirwa kuita.Nekudaro, kusvika parizvino, kushandiswa kwehungwaru hwekugadzira mukati mekufamba kwemukati kuri kure nekupararira.Vanenge zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvevezera reAmerica havana kushandisa hungwaru hwekugadzira kugonesa kana kuita otomatiki chero mafambiro ebasa.Nzira inonyanya kushandiswa yekushandisa hungwaru hwekugadzira sechinhu chekutyaira mukufambiswa kwebasa iri kuburikidza neAI yakabatsirwa kugadzira mazwi.10% chete yemakambani anoshandisa hungwaru hwekugadzira pakuongorora zvinyorwa;Inenge 10% yemakambani anoshandisa hungwaru hwekugadzira kuti aongorore otomatiki kunaka kweshanduro;Makambani asingasviki 5% anoshandisa hungwaru hwekugadzira kuronga kana kubatsira vaturikiri mubasa ravo.Nekudaro, vazhinji vezera reAmerica vari kuwedzera kunzwisisa LLM, uye chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chemakambani ari kuyedza kesi.
Panyaya iyi, pakutanga, vazhinji vezera repamba vakanga vasingakwanisi kubatanidza zvakakwana zvigadzirwa zvemienzaniso yemutauro mukuru kubva kune dzimwe nyika, zvakadai seChatGPT, muchirongwa chepurojekiti nekuda kwekukanganisa kwakasiyana-siyana.Naizvozvo, ivo vanogona chete kushandisa zvigadzirwa izvi sehungwaru mubvunzo uye mhinduro maturusi.Nekudaro, nekufamba kwenguva, zvigadzirwa izvi hazvina kungoshandiswa semainjini ekushandura emuchina, asi zvakave zvakabudirira kubatanidzwa mune mamwe mabasa akadai sekukwenenzvera uye kuongororwa kweshanduro.Mabasa akasiyana-siyana emaLLM aya anogona kuunganidzwa kuti ape masevhisi akazara emapurojekiti.Zvakakodzera kutaura kuti, zvichitungamirwa nezvigadzirwa zvekunze, zvigadzirwa zveLLM zvakagadziridzwa zvemukati zvakabudawo.Nekudaro, zvichibva pamhinduro dzazvino, pachine mukaha wakakura pakati pezvigadzirwa zvemukati zveLLM uye zvekunze, asi isu tinotenda kuti kuchave nekumwe budiriro yetekinoroji uye hunyanzvi mune ramangwana kuderedza gaka iri.
3) MT, otomatiki transcription, uye AI subtitles ndiwo anonyanya kuzivikanwa masevhisi eAI.Mamiriro ezvinhu muChina akafanana, nekusimukira kwakakosha muhunyanzvi hwakadai sekuziva kutaura uye kunyora otomatiki mumakore achangopfuura, zvichikonzera kudzikiswa kukuru kwemutengo uye kuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi.Ehe, nekushandiswa kwakapararira kweaya matekinoroji uye kuwedzera kuri kudiwa, vatengi vari kugara vachitsvaga zvirinani mutengo-unoshanda mukati mebhajeti shoma, uye vanopa tekinoroji vari kuedza kugadzira mhinduro dziri nani.
4) Panyaya yekubatanidzwa kwemabasa ekushandura, TMS inogona kubatanidza nemapuratifomu akasiyana-siyana akadai semutengi CMS (content management system) uye cloud file library;Panyaya yemasevhisi ekududzira, maturusi ekududzira ari kure anogona kusanganiswa nevatengi kure kure nekupa hutano mapuratifomu uye online musangano mapuratifomu.Mutengo wekumisikidza nekushandisa kubatanidza unogona kunge wakakwirisa, asi kubatanidzwa kunogona kubatika zvakananga mhinduro dzekambani yemutauro mutekinoroji yetekinoroji, zvichiita kuti ive yakakosha.Vanopfuura hafu yevezera reAmerica vanotenda kuti kubatanidzwa kwakakosha kuchengetedza kukwikwidza, pamwe ne60% yemakambani anowana chikamu cheshanduro yevhoriyamu kuburikidza neautomated workflows.Panyaya yehunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi, makambani mazhinji anotora nzira yekutenga, ne35% yemakambani anotora nzira yakasanganiswa ye "kutenga nekuvaka".
MuChina, makambani makuru ekushandura kana enzvimbo anowanzo gadzira mapuratifomu akabatanidzwa ekushandisa mukati, uye mamwe anogona kutoatengesa.Uye zvakare, vamwe vechitatu-bato vanopa tekinoroji vakatangisawo yavo yakasanganiswa zvigadzirwa, kubatanidza CAT, MT, uye LLM.Nekugadzirisa patsva maitiro uye kubatanidza njere dzakagadzirwa neshanduro dzevanhu, tinovavarira kugadzira mafambiro ebasa ane hungwaru.Izvi zvinoisa zvakare mberi zvitsva zvinodiwa pakuumbwa kwekugona uye gwara rekudzidziswa kwematarenda emutauro.Mune ramangwana, indasitiri yekushandura ichaona mamwe mascenario ekubatana kwemuchina-munhu, izvo zvinoratidza kudiwa kweindastiri kwekuwedzera hungwaru uye budiriro.Vashanduri vanofanira kudzidza mashandisiro avangaita hungwaru hwekugadzira uye maturusi otomatiki kuti vavandudze kunyatsoshanda uye kunaka kweshanduro.
TalkingChina Dudziro yakaedzawo nesimba kushandisa puratifomu yakabatanidzwa kune yayo yekugadzira maitiro mune izvi.Parizvino, tichiri muchikamu chekuongorora, izvo zvinopa dambudziko kuvatariri veprojekiti nevaturikiri maererano nemaitiro ekushanda.Vanofanira kushandisa simba rakawanda vachigadzirisa nzira itsva dzekushanda.Panguva imwecheteyo, kushanda kwekushandisa kunodawo kumwe kucherechedzwa uye kuongororwa.Zvisinei, tinotenda kuti kuongorora kwakanaka uku kunokosha.
7. Resource Supply Chain uye Vashandi
Vanoda kusvika 80% vezera reAmerica vanotaura vakatarisana nekushomeka kwetarenda.Kutengesa, vaturikiri, uye mamaneja epurojekiti vanomira pakati pepamusoro muzvinzvimbo zvine kudiwa kwakanyanya asi kushomeka kwekupa.Mihoro inoramba yakagadzikana, asi nzvimbo dzekutengesa dzakawedzera ne20% zvichienzaniswa negore rapfuura, asi nzvimbo dzekutonga dzakadzikira ne8%.Basa rekuita uye basa revatengi, pamwe nehungwaru hwekugadzira uye data hombe, zvinoonekwa sehunyanzvi hwakakosha hwevashandi mumakore matatu anotevera.Maneja wepurojekiti ndiyo inonyanya kubhadharwa, uye makambani mazhinji anohaya maneja weprojekiti.Asingasviki makumi maviri muzana emakambani anohaya tekinoroji / software vanogadzira.
Mamiriro ezvinhu muChina akafanana.Panyaya yevashandi venguva yakazara, zvakaoma kuti indasitiri yekushandura irambe iine matarenda akanaka ekutengesa, kunyanya avo vanonzwisisa kugadzira, musika, uye basa revatengi.Kunyangwe tikatora nhanho kumashure tichiti bhizinesi rekambani yedu rinotsamira chete pakushandira vatengi vekare, haisi mhinduro yenguva imwe chete.Kuti tipe sevhisi yakanaka, isu tinofanirwawo kukwanisa kumirisana nemakwikwi nemutengo unonzwisisika, Panguva imwecheteyo, kune zvakare zvinodikanwa zvakakwirira zvekugona basa rekuita kwevashandi vebasa revatengi (vanokwanisa kunzwisisa zvakadzama zvido zveshanduro uye kugadzira uye kuita zvinoenderana hurongwa hwesevhisi yemutauro) uye kugona kutonga kwepurojekiti kwevashandi vekutarisira purojekiti (vanogona kubata zviwanikwa uye maitiro, kudzora mitengo uye mhando, uye nekuchinjika kushandisa akasiyana matekinoroji, kusanganisira matsva ehungwaru maturusi).
Panyaya yekugovera zviwanikwa, mukushanda kunoshanda kwebhizinesi rekushandura reTalkingChina, zvichaonekwa kuti kwave nekuwedzera kuri kuda kutsva muChina mumakore maviri apfuura, sekudiwa kwezviwanikwa zveshanduro yemuno munyika dzekunze dzeChinese. mabhizinesi kuenda pasirese;Zviwanikwa mumitauro mishoma yakasiyana-siyana inoenderana nekuwedzera kwekambani mhiri kwemakungwa;Matarenda akasarudzika mundima dzakasimukira (kungave mune zvekurapa, zvemitambo, zvibvumirano, nezvimwewo, zviwanikwa zvemuturikiri zvinowirirana zvakazvimiririra, uye pasina mamiriro anoenderana uye ruzivo, havakwanise kupinda);Pane kushomeka kwevaturikiri kwese, asi ivo vanofanirwa kuchinjika maererano nenguva yesevhisi (sekuchaja neawa kana kunyange ipfupi, pane yechinyakare hafu yezuva yekutanga mutengo).Saka dhipatimendi rezvishandiso zvevaturikiri remakambani eshanduro riri kuramba richinyanya kukosha, richishanda sechikwata chiri pedyo chekutsigira bazi rezvebhizimisi uye richida chikwata chekutenga zviwanikwa chinoenderana nehuwandu hwebhizimusi rekambani.Ehe, kutengwa kwezvishandiso hakungosanganisire vashanduri vega, asiwo mapeer collaborative units, sezvambotaurwa.
8. Kutengesa uye Kushambadzira
Hubspot uye LinkedIn ndiwo maturusi makuru ekutengesa uye ekushambadzira evamwe vavo vekuAmerica.Muna 2022, makambani achagovera avhareji ye7% yemari yavo yepagore kushambadzira.
Kuenzaniswa neizvi, hapana anonyanya kukosha maturusi ekutengesa muChina, uye LinkedIn haigone kushandiswa kazhinji muChina.Nzira dzekutengesa dzinogona kunge dzakapenga kubhidha kana mamaneja anozvitengesa, uye kune mashoma zvikwata zvakakura zvekutengesa zvakaumbwa.Kutenderera kwemutengi kwakarebesa, uye nzwisiso uye manejimendi e "sales" chinzvimbo kugona kuchiri mune yakasarudzika mamiriro, icho chiri zvakare chikonzero chekunonoka kushanda kwekutora timu yekutengesa.
Panyaya yekushambadzira, anenge wese waanoshanda naye ari kushandisawo yavo WeChat yeruzhinji account, uye TalkingChinayi zvakare ine yavo WeChat vhidhiyo account.Panguva imwecheteyo, Bilibili, Xiaohongshu, Zhihu, nezvimwewo vanewo mamwe ekugadzirisa, uye rudzi urwu rwekutengesa kunonyanya kutarisana nemhando;Iwo mazwi akakosha SEM uye SEO yeBaidu kana Google anowanzo kushandurwa zvakananga, asi mumakore achangopfuura, mutengo wekubvunza kutendeuka uri kuwedzera.Pamusoro pekuwedzera kubhidha kwemainjini ekutsvaga, mutengo wevashandi vekushambadzira vanonyanya kushambadzira wawedzerawo.Uyezve, mhando yemibvunzo yakaunzwa nekushambadzira haina kuenzana, uye haigone kunangwa zvinoenderana neboka revatengi rinotarisirwa rebhizinesi, iro risingashande.Naizvozvo, mumakore achangopfuura, vazhinji vezera repamba vakasiya kushambadzira kweinjini yekutsvaga uye vakashandisa vashandi vekutengesa zvakanyanya kuitisa kutengesa kwakanangwa.
Zvichienzaniswa neindasitiri iri muUnited States inoshandisa 7% yemari yayo yepagore pakushambadzira, makambani ekushandura epamba anodyara mari shoma munzvimbo iyi.Chikonzero chikuru chekudyara zvishoma kusaziva kukosha kwayo kana kusaziva maitiro ekuzviita zvinobudirira.Hazvisi nyore kuita zvekushambadzira zvemukati zveB2B dudziro masevhisi, uye dambudziko rekushambadzira nderekuti izvo zvirimo zvinogona kukwezva vatengi.
9. Zvimwe zvinhu
1) Zviyero uye zvitupa
Vanopfuura hafu yevezera reAmerica vanotenda kuti ISO certification inobatsira kuchengetedza kukwikwidza, asi hazvina kukosha.Iyo inonyanya kufarirwa ISO chiyero ndeye ISO17100:2015 certification, iyo inopfuudzwa neimwe kubva pamakambani matatu ese.
Mamiriro ezvinhu muChina ndeekuti mapurojekiti mazhinji ekubhidha uye kutenga kwemukati kwemamwe mabhizinesi zvinoda ISO9001, saka sechiratidzo chinosungirwa, makambani mazhinji eshanduro achiri kuda chitupa.Kuenzaniswa nevamwe, ISO17100 ibhonasi poindi, uye vatengi vekunze vakawanda vane chinodiwa ichi.Naizvozvo, makambani eshanduro anozotonga kana zvichidikanwa kuita ichi chitupa zvichibva pane yavo yevatengi.Panguva imwe cheteyo, pane zvakare kushandirapamwe pakati peChina Translation Association neFangyuan Logo Certification Group kuti vatange certification yeA-level (A-5A) yemasevhisi ekushandura muChina.
2) Zviratidzo zvekuongorora maitiro makuru
50% yevezera reAmerica vanoshandisa mari sechiratidzo chebhizinesi, uye 28% yemakambani anoshandisa purofiti sechiratidzo chebhizinesi.Iyo inonyanya kushandiswa isiri-yemari zviratidzo ndeye mutengi mhinduro, vatengi vekare, mutengo wekutengesa, nhamba yemirairo / mapurojekiti, uye vatengi vatsva.Mhinduro yemutengi ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa yekuongorora chiratidzo mukuyera kunaka kwekubuda.Mamiriro ezvinhu muChina akafanana.
3) Mitemo uye mutemo
Zviyero zvakagadziridzwa zvezvikero kubva kuSmall Business Association of America (SBA) zvichatanga kushanda muna Ndira 2022. Zvikumbaridzo zvemakambani ekushandura nekuturikira zvakasimudzwa kubva pamadhora 8 miriyoni kusvika pamadhora 22.5 miriyoni.Mabhizinesi madiki eSBA anokodzera kuwana mikana yakachengetwa yekutenga kubva kuhurumende yemubatanidzwa, kutora chikamu muzvirongwa zvakasiyana zvekusimudzira bhizinesi, zvirongwa zvevarairidzi, uye kuwana mukana wekudyidzana nenyanzvi dzakasiyana.Mamiriro ezvinhu muChina akasiyana.Pane pfungwa yemabhizinesi madiki uye madiki muChina, uye tsigiro inoratidzwa zvakanyanya mukukurudzira mutero.
4) Kuvanzika kwedata uye kuchengetedzwa kwetiweki
Vanopfuura 80% vezera reAmerica vakashandisa mitemo uye maitiro sematanho ekudzivirira zviitiko zve cyber.Inopfuura hafu yemakambani akashandisa nzira dzekuona zviitiko.Inosvika hafu yemakambani anoita ongororo yenjodzi nguva dzose uye kumisa mabasa uye mabasa ane chekuita necybersecurity mukati mekambani.Izvi zvakaomesesa kupfuura makambani mazhinji eshanduro yechiChinese.
二、 Muchidimbu, mumushumo weALC, taona mazwi akati wandei kubva kumakambani evezera eAmerica:
1. Kukura
Muna 2023, yakatarisana nemamiriro ehupfumi akaomarara, indasitiri yebasa remutauro muUnited States ichiri kuchengetedza simba rakasimba, nemakambani mazhinji ari kuwana kukura uye yakagadzikana mari.Nekudaro, nharaunda yazvino inoisa matambudziko makuru kune pundutso yemakambani."Kukura" kunoramba kuri kutarisisa kwemakambani ebasa remitauro muna 2023, kunoratidzwa nekuenderera mberi nekuwedzera zvikwata zvekutengesa uye nekugadzirisa zviwanikwa zvekushandisa kune vaturikiri nevaturikiri.Panguva imwecheteyo, nhanho yekubatanidza uye kuwanikwa muindasitiri inoramba yakagadzikana, kunyanya nekuda kwetariro yekupinda muminda mitsva yakatwasuka uye misika yedunhu.
2. Mutengo
Kunyange zvazvo nhamba yevashandi iri kuramba ichiwedzera, misika yevashandi yakaunzawo mamwe matambudziko ari pachena;Vamiriri vekutengesa vakanaka uye maneja epurojekiti ari kushomeka.Zvichakadaro, dzvinyiriro yekudzora mitengo inoita kuti kutsvagisa vaturikiri vane hunyanzvi vakasununguka nemitengo yakanaka kunetsa.
3. Technology
Shanduko yeshanduko yetekinoroji inogara ichigadzirisa mamiriro eindasitiri yebasa remutauro, uye mabhizinesi ari kutarisana nesarudzo dzetekinoroji uye sarudzo dzehungwaru: nzira yekubatanidza zvinobudirira kugona kwehunyanzvi hwehungwaru hwekugadzira neruzivo rwehunyanzvi hwevanhu kupa masevhisi akasiyana?Nzira yekubatanidza sei zvishandiso zvitsva mukufamba kwebasa?Mamwe makambani madiki ari kunetsekana nezvekuti anogona kufambirana neshanduko dzetekinoroji.Nekudaro, vazhinji vanoshanda navo mushanduro muUnited States vane maonero akanaka kune matekinoroji matsva uye vanotenda kuti indasitiri iyi inokwanisa kujairana nenharaunda itsva yetekinoroji.
4. Service orientation
The mutengi-centric "service orientation" idingindira rinogara richitaurwa nevashanduri vekuAmerica vaanoshanda navo.Kukwanisa kugadzirisa mhinduro dzemutauro uye mazano anobva pane zvinodiwa nevatengi kunoonekwa seunyanzvi hwakakosha kune vashandi muindasitiri yebasa remutauro.
Aya mazwi makuru ari pamusoro anoshanda zvakare muChina.Makambani ane "kukura" mumushumo weALC haasi pakati pe500000 ne1 miriyoni yemadhora ekuAmerica Sebhizinesi diki rine mari, maonero eTalkingChina Translation ndewokuti bhizinesi rekushandura repamba rave kuyerera richienda kumabhizinesi makuru ekushandura mumakore achangopfuura, zvichiratidza yakakosha Matthew effect.Kubva pakuona uku, kuwedzera kwemari kuchiri kukosha kwepamusoro.Panyaya yemutengo, makambani eshanduro aimbotenga mitengo yeshanduro yainyanya kuve yekushandura nemaoko, kuverenga, kana PEMT.Zvisinei, mumuenzaniso mutsva wekuda uko PEMT iri kuwedzera kushandiswa kubudisa unhu hwekushandura kwebhuku, kugadzirisa maitiro ekugadzira, Zvinokurumidza uye zvakakosha kutenga mari itsva yekushandira pamwe vashanduri kuti vaite zvakadzama kuongorora maererano neMT uye. pakupedzisira inoburitsa mhando yeshanduro yemanyorero (yakasiyana nePEMT iri nyore), uku ichipa inofambirana nhungamiro yebasa.
Panyaya yetekinoroji, vezera repamba vari kushingaira kumbundira tekinoroji uye kuita shanduko dzinodiwa kumagadzirirwo ekugadzira.Panyaya yekutarisa sevhisi, ingave TalkingChina Shandura ine hukama hwakasimba hwevatengi kana kuti inotsamira pakuenderera mberi nekuzvivandudza, manejimendi emhando, kunatsiridza sevhisi, uye kudiwa kwevatengi.Chiratidzo chekuongorora chemhando ndeye "mhinduro yemutengi", pane kutenda kuti "yakakwana yekugadzira uye maitiro ekudzora maitiro akaitwa".Pese painenge yavhiringika, kubuda, kuenda kune vatengi, uye kuteerera manzwi avo ndicho chinonyanya kukosha chekutungamira kwevatengi.
Kunyangwe 2022 raive gore rakanyanya kuomarara denda repamba, mazhinji makambani ekushandura epamba achiri kuwana mari yekukura.2023 igore rekutanga mushure mekupora kwedenda.Mamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara ezvematongerwo enyika uye ehupfumi, pamwe nekukanganisa kwehunyanzvi hweAI, zvinounza matambudziko makuru mukukura uye pundutso yemakambani ekushandura.Maitiro ekushandisa tekinoroji kuderedza mari uye kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka?Nzira yekukunda sei mumakwikwi emitengo ari kuwedzera?Maitiro ekutarisa zvirinani kune vatengi uye kuzadzisa zvavanoda zvinogara zvichichinja, kunyanya iyo yepasi rose sevhisi sevhisi zvinodiwa zveChinese mabhizinesi emuno mumakore achangopfuura, nepo mibairo yavo ichidzvanywa?Makambani ekushandura echiChinese ari kushingaira kufunga nekudzidzira nyaya idzi.Kunze kwekusiyana kwemamiriro enyika, isu tinogona kuwana mamwe mareferensi anobatsira kubva kune vedu vekuAmerica mu2023ALC Indasitiri Report.
Chinyorwa ichi chakapihwa naMs. Su Yang (General Manager weShanghai TalkingChina Translation Consulting Co., Ltd.)
Nguva yekutumira: Feb-01-2024